Effect of Fusarium toxin-contaminated triticale and forage-to-concentrate ratio on fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in the rumen

In this study, the effect of Fusarium toxin-contaminated triticale (FUS) at high (60%) and low (30%) concentrate proportion in ruminant rations on ruminal fermentation, microbial protein synthesis and digestibility was investigated, using in vivo and in vitro methods. Significant effects of the forage-to-concentrate ratio on ruminal degradation and digestibility of crude nutrients and detergent fibre fractions as well as on the pH value and the concentration of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) in rumen fluid were found. The production of SCFA was affected, and the degradation of crude fibre and neutral detergent fibre in the rumen was reduced by the inclusion of FUS at high concentrate proportion. The efficiency of microbial crude protein synthesis was higher in diets with 60% than in diets with 30% concentrates, but was impaired in the presence of FUS in vitro at the high concentrate level. Marginal effects of FUS on the amino acid pattern of microbial protein were detected. It was concluded that the use of FUS in high concentrate diets can influence ruminal fermentation and microbial protein synthesis at a dietary deoxynivalenol concentration below 5 mg/kg dry matter.     

A survey on the feeding of eventing horses during competition

Summary This study aims at the comparison of the actual feeding of horses with the recommendations from the literature, and it studies the effects of feeding and exercise on several blood metabolic parameters before and after exercise. Blood samples were collected from 25 horses during one‐star eventing competitions and evaluated for blood glucose, insulin, lactate, free fatty acids and triglyceride levels. Questionnaires on the feeding practices of the horses were evaluated. The questionnaires revealed that during training, and on tournament days, horses received on average 4.3 kg of concentrate per day (min. 1.54 kg, max. 8 kg). The statistical analysis showed no significant effect of the amount of concentrate fed before exercise on the measured blood values. Oil was supplied as a supplementary energy source to 30% of the horses, but most of them only received very small quantities (0.02–0.4 l/day). Five horses (20%) had no access to salt supplements at all, and eleven horses (45%) had no access to salt on tournament days. Fifteen horses (60%) were supplied with mineral feed. Twenty‐one horses (84%) had daily access to pasture during the training period. During competition, 55% of the horses received roughage ad libitum, compared with 37% during training. The majority of the horses received less roughage on days before the cross‐country competition. It could not be ascertained whether feeding a large amounts of roughage had a beneficial effect on performance, because only a few horses in this study were fed with very restrictive roughage. Feeding of most of the horses was in agreement with the recommendations from the literature, except the need for sodium and chloride. The sodium and chloride need for sport horses may be overestimated in literature and needs to be re‐evaluated.     

Effects of limited concentrate feeding on growth and blood and serum variables, and on nutrient digestibility and gene expression of hepatic gluconeogenic enzymes in dairy calves

This study elucidated the effects of limited concentrate feeding on growth, nutrient digestibility, blood profile and gene expression of gluconeogenic enzymes in the liver of dairy calves. The study utilized 36 German Holstein dairy calves (5-7 days of age) divided into two groups of 18 calves each for 150 days. Control group calves received 2 kg/(calf × day) of concentrate, whereas calves in the restricted group received only 1 kg/(calf × day). Good quality forage (mixture of maize and grass silages) was available for ad libitum consumption to both groups. The intake of milk replacer before weaning, and of concentrate were recorded daily per calf; however, the consumption of forages was quantified as daily average of the group. Body weights (BW) were recorded at start and on days 35, 70, 112 and 150. Blood and serum samples and spot urinary and faecal samples were also collected at similar time points. On days 70 and 150, liver biopsies were collected from seven animals in each group. The BW was not different between the groups at all times. Total BW gain in the control group was 124 kg as opposed to 111 kg in restricted group that led to average BW gain of 827 g/day and 739 g/day in respective groups, and the differences were significant (p = 0.018). As planned, the control group had higher concentrate and lower forage intake than the restricted group. The blood haemoglobin, haematocrit and serum variables (glucose, total protein, albumin and urea) were within the normal range in both groups, but serum glucose was higher (p < 0.05) in control than in restricted group at 70 days. There was no difference between groups in organic matter (OM) digestibility which declined (p < 0.001) with increasing age in both groups. Microbial crude protein (MCP) synthesis estimated from urinary allantoin excretion increased (p < 0.001) in both groups with increasing age but was not different between groups. The mRNA expressions for the gluconeogenic enzymes, cytosolic and mitochondrial phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase (EC 4.1.1.32) and pyruvate carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.1) measured by quantitative real-time PCR in liver biopsies showed no differences between groups. Overall, restricting concentrate moderately reduced the growth intensity without affecting the normal serum and blood indices, and MCP synthesis and OM digestibility showed no differences between groups, indicating that both concentrate feeding schemes can be successfully applied.     

不同粗饲料品质（GI）与不同精料给量水平对奶牛生产性能影响的研究

为了完善二代GI技术标准体系,建立以粗饲料GI和产奶水平为参数的预测奶牛日粮科学精饲料给量模型。试验选取36头健康的泌乳中期中国荷斯坦奶牛,根据产奶量、泌乳天数、胎次相近的原则,随机分成3个大组,每个大组又分为3个小组,每个小组含4头奶牛。第1大组的粗饲料为黄贮,精、粗饲料比分别为55：45、57．5：42．5、60：40．标记为A1、A2、A3;第2大组为黄贮加羊草,精、粗饲料比分别为55：45、57．5：42．5、60：40,标记为B1、B2、B3;第3大组为全株玉米青贮加羊草,精、粗饲料比分别为55：45、57．5：42．5、60：40,标记为C1、C2、C3。研究不同粗饲料水平以及不同精料给量下,对泌乳奶牛生产性能的影响。结果表明,随着精料比例的增加,乳蛋白、乳糖和产奶量呈上升趋势．而乳脂呈下降趋势;精、粗饲料比对产奶量有显著影响（P〈0．05）,对乳成分有一定的影响（P〉0．05）;随着粗饲料品质（GI）的提高,乳脂和产奶量呈上升趋势,乳蛋白和乳糖呈下降趋势,但是对乳脂、乳蛋白和乳糖的影响不显著（P〉0．05）,对产奶量的影响显著（P〈0．05）。     

不同精粗比饲粮中添加甘露寡糖对绵羊瘤胃养分降解率的影响

本试验采用尼龙袋法研究不同精粗比饲粮中添加甘露寡糖(MOS)对绵羊瘤胃养分降解率的影响。选取6只安装永久瘤胃瘘管的羯羊(白萨福克×小尾寒羊♀),采用4×6双因子析因试验设计,共设饲粮精粗比和MOS添加水平2个因子,其中饲粮精粗比分别为20∶80(A1)、30∶70(A2)、40∶60(A3)和50∶50(A4),MOS添加水平分别为0(B1)、0.4%(B2)、0.8%(B3)、1.2%(B4)、1.6%(B5)和2.0%(B6)。结果显示:饲粮精粗比对不同时间点绵羊瘤胃干物质(DM)、有机物(OM)和粗蛋白质(CP)的降解率、降解参数[DM、OM:快速降解部分(a)、慢速降解部分(b)和可降解部分(a+b);CP:a、b和b的降解速率(c)]及有效降解率均产生了显著影响(P0.05),其变化规律均为随饲粮精料比例的升高而升高,在A4组达到最高;MOS添加水平仅对不同时间点绵羊瘤胃CP的降解率及降解参数a+b产生了显著影响(P0.05),其变化规律均为随MOS添加水平的增加先升高后降低,在B5组达到最高。饲粮精粗比和MOS添加水平对绵羊瘤胃养分降解率没有产生显著的交互作用(P0.05)。由此得出,饲粮精粗比为50∶50时绵羊瘤胃干物质、有机物和粗蛋白质的有效降解率最高,MOS添加水平达到1.6%时绵羊瘤胃粗蛋白质的降解率最高。     

分散剂萘磺酸盐甲醛缩合物对氟铃脲悬浮剂流变性的影响

为研究分散剂萘磺酸盐甲醛缩合物（NNO）对氟铃脲悬浮剂流变性的影响,以指导该剂型的加工,采用控制应力流变仪测定了NNO的用量、分子质量及氟铃脲质量分数变化等因素下制剂的流变性。结果发现:以NNO为分散剂制备的氟铃脲悬浮剂的流变曲线符合Herschel-Bulkley流变模型;NNO的分子质量范围和用量会影响氟铃脲悬浮剂的流变性能。在固定NNO质量分数为3%的条件下,当氟铃脲质量分数≥20%时,流动行为指数（n） < 1.0,悬浮体系表现为“剪切变稀”的假塑性流体特征;当氟铃脲的质量分数≤15%时,n>1.0,悬浮体系表现为“剪切增稠”的胀性流体特征。氟铃脲悬浮剂的流变参数屈服值（τ_H）与NNO和氟铃脲的相对加入量有关。当氟铃脲含量过高时,则NNO不能在氟铃脲颗粒界面形成饱和吸附,裸露的氟铃脲颗粒界面间相互搭接形成结构,因而具有较大的屈服值;当氟铃脲含量过低,则多余的NNO可在悬浮的氟铃脲颗粒间搭接形成结构,也使其屈服值增大。在试验条件下,NNO的分子质量愈大,所制备氟铃脲悬浮剂的表观黏度和屈服值愈小,流动行为指数虽略有增加,但均小于1,仍表现为假塑性特征。本研究结果表明:相同情况下,以萘磺酸盐甲醛缩合物（NNO）为分散剂制备的氟铃脲悬浮剂的屈服值和流动行为指数均高于以苯乙烯丙烯酸无规共聚物（MOTAS）为分散剂制备的氟铃脲悬浮剂。     

Physiologic response of six plant species grown in two contrasting soils and irrigated with brackish groundwater and RO concentrate

With declining availability of fresh surface water, brackish groundwater is increasingly used for irrigation in the arid and semi-arid southwestern United States. Brackish water can be desalinated by reverse osmosis (RO) but RO results in a highly saline concentrate. Disposal of concentrate is a major problem hindering augmentation of inland desalination in arid areas. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of texture and saline water irrigation on the physiology of six species (Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt., Hordeum vulgare L., Lepidium alyssoides A. Gray, Distichlis stricta (L.) Greene, Panicum virgatum L., and ×Triticosecale Wittm. ex A. Camus [Secale?×?Triticum]). All species were grown in two contrasting soils and irrigated with the same volume of control water (EC 0.9?dS/m), brackish groundwater (4.1?dS/m), RO concentrate (EC 8.0?dS/m). Several plant physiological measurements were made during the growing season including height, number of stem nodes, average internodal length, number of leaves, leaf length, photosynthetic rates, stomatal conductance rates, transpiration rates, leaf temperatures, stem water potential, and osmotic potential. P. virgatum was the only species that showed significant decrease in plant height and growth with texture and irrigation water salinity. Except for A. canescens and L. alyssoides, number and length of leaves decreased with increasing salinity for all species. No significant differences were observed for photosynthetic, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rates by soil texture or irrigation water salinity. Stem water potential and osmotic potential did show some significant influence by soil texture and irrigation water salinity. Based on the results, RO concentrate can be reused to grow all six species in sand; however, growth of all species showed some limitations in clay. Local reuse of RO concentrate along desert margins with regular soil and environmental quality monitoring can accelerate implementation of inland desalination for sustaining food security.     

2015年国外肉牛饲料营养的研究进展

为了全面了解肉牛饲料营养的最新研究进展,作者查阅并总结了2015年关于肉牛饲料营养的国外文献报道,主要从精饲料、粗饲料以及精、粗饲料搭配3个方面进行了综述。精饲料主要包括蛋白质饲料和能量饲料,其中蛋白质饲料的营养研究主要侧重于不同蛋白质饲料对肉牛消化性能、生产性能、酮体特性和肉质以及瘤胃发酵的影响;能量饲料的营养研究侧重于不同类型及加工工艺对肉牛的生产性能、胴体特性以及瘤胃发酵特性的影响;粗饲料的营养研究主要集中于粗料来源及粗料的加工工艺对肉牛生产性能和消化性能两个方面的影响。另外,对精、粗饲料的搭配比例对肉牛生产性能、胴体特性、瘤胃发酵以及采食行为的影响也进行了综述。通过总结和分析肉牛饲料营养的国外研究成果,为中国肉牛业的快速发展提供一定借鉴。     

印楝素在甘蓝及土壤中的消解动态

【目的】甘蓝Brassica oleracea生长期施用w为0.3%的印楝素乳油,检测印楝素在甘蓝和土壤中的残留及消解动态。【方法】印楝素在0.05~5.00 mg·kg~(-1)水平范围内取0.1、0.5、1.0 mg·kg-1添加,样品中的印楝素经乙腈超声波辅助提取,弗罗里硅土固相萃取柱净化,高效液相色谱(HPLC)检测,外标法定量。【结果】印楝素在甘蓝中的平均回收率为88.52%~93.21%,相对标准偏差为2.75%~3.55%;在土壤中平均回收率为90.69%~93.32%,相对标准偏差为2.09%~3.46%。印楝素在甘蓝中的残留半衰期为0.89 d,在土壤中的残留半衰期为2.40 d。【结论】印楝素属易降解农药。该施药方法安全可靠,值得借鉴。     

植物生长调节剂25%调环酸钙油悬浮剂的研制

[目的]对25%调环酸钙油悬浮剂配方中的助剂进行筛选,优化配方。[方法]以调环酸钙为原药,按照油悬浮剂生产工艺流程,对配方中的润湿分散剂、增稠剂、防冻剂进行筛选,并且测定各项质量技术指标。[结果]优化配方为:调环酸钙原药25%,助剂EL-105.0%,NP-7 10.0%,尿素4.0%,有机膨润土1.2%,用油酸甲酯补至100%。[结论]该配方制剂外观无明显分层,水中分散性良好,颗粒细度达到要求。各项指标均符合油悬浮剂的相关标准。